Vegetable Supply Chain in Sri Lanka free essay sample

Main elements of food supply chain are production, supply, inventory, location, transportation amp; information. This report is based on the field visit to Nuwara Eliya and we visited farmers amp; cultivations at kandapola. In order to gathered information regarding to practical usage of vegetable supply chain amp; the issues they faced, we interviewed Mr. Hemasiri as for our famer. Among other vegetables we selected leek cultivation, as for our crop. This report identifies the supply chain of leek cultivation amp; the issues faced by famers in Kandapola area. Then we recommend some propose some suggestion as final part in this project. Actually, our anticipation is thought this project, provide better conception about vegetable supply chain. Vegetable supply chain Vegetable supply chain is the process of moving vegetable from farmers to end customers. Here end customer means final consumer, restaurant or a hotel. It is shifting toward interconnected systems with a large variety of complex relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetable Supply Chain in Sri Lanka or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Changes in sourcing, producing and marketing as a result of the increased globalization of food trade, leads to exposure to new risks and greater potential consequences of food -borne illness outbreaks. During the last decade, concerns about food quality and food safety have risen among consumers. Farmers in intensive vegetable cultivation regions of up country or central province know well the requirements for planting safe vegetables. But in order to apply strictly these requirements, they must be very confident of the outlets because they have to pay costs and investment (net house, fertilizer etc. ). So there for they should concern about supply chain management concepts for cultivation. A vegetable supply chain system comprises organizations that are responsible for the production and distribution of vegetable products. In general, we distinguish two main Types: 1. ‘Vegetable supply chains for fresh agricultural products (such as fresh vegetables, fruit). In general, these chains may comprise growers, auctions, wholesalers, importers and exporters, retailers and specialty shops and their input and service suppliers. Basically, all of these stages leave the intrinsic characteristics of the product grown or produced untouched. The main processes are the handling, conditioned storing, packing, transportation and especially trading of these goods. 2. ‘Vegetable supply chains for processed food products’ (snacks, juices, desserts, canned food products). In these chains, agricultural products are used as raw materials for producing consumer products with higher added value. In most cases, conservation and conditioning processes extend the shelf-life of the products. Participants in both types of chains, e. g. farmers, traders, processors, retailers, etc. Understand that original good quality products can be subject to quality decay because of an inadequate action of another participant. For example, when a farmer keeps their harvest for pick-up on a roadside, under the sun, without any cover, there will be a loss of quality that may even render the raw material unfit for processing.

Food Security in Sydney

Food Security in Sydney Debate There has been rising debate as to whether local food systems as opposed to lengthy commodity chains would substantially reduce the high reliance of food systems on oil and carbon footprint. As part of the heightening debate on peak oil and global warming, the concept of reducing food miles (distance covered by food from the farm gate to the plate) has been of critical consideration for movements that seek to promote ecologically sustainable food systems.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Food Security in Sydney specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has been escalating concern on long-term debates about climate change, which has been caused by man, as well as on policies aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. These concerns have encouraged both academic researchers and activists to localize food systems. Peak oils have also been a debatable issue questioning the unsustainable dependence on non-renew able resources, oil, of conventional globalized food systems (Holloway 2007, p. 1-19). How Localized Alternative Food Networks (AFNs) differ from Conventional Globalized Systems Localizing food systems, also referred to as the shortening of supply chains, represents the apparent obverse of globalized food systems or lengthy commodity chains. It entails the shortening of food supply chains that link producers to consumers. Local alternative food networks (AFNs) unlike globalized food networks have re-embedded food production within the local context. Thereby, entailing a repeated return to artisanal methods and bringing about a reaction by certain consumers against standardized processed fast foods. As an alternative, traditional cuisines-slow food-are preferred based on the assumption that local food is of higher quality with more nutrient content than industrialized foods (Winter 2002, p. 23-32). The numerous human health scares reported in industrialized countries in the last ten years have been related to widely-present food bacteria, amounts of antibiotics used in intensive grain-feeding of ruminants, BSE (mad cow disease) associated with animal-sourced food wastes to feed animals and battery poultry production. As a result of great consumer-driven and state regulatory pressures, there has been rising concern on the traceability of foods and its local origin. Localized food systems are not associated with food scares about plant and animal diseases, animal welfare and pesticide but, this is the case of globalized food systems (Dixon, 2002).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Localized food systems reduce inputs of energy and petrochemicals in food production. Marketing organized foods from a local level will achieve this. This is because; a lot of energy and petrochemicals are substantially used due to increased food-miles, thereby reta iling food products through conventional food systems such as supermarkets. Nutrition related disorders are associated with food products that are based on the conventional style of food production. Sydney is one of those cities where public health problems like obesity are a clear indication that conventional food products affect one’s biological and physiological make-up. Localized foods are natural as they are derived from their natural setting and have prepared through natural means. Therefore, they do not have components that alter one’s body composition (Pederson Robertson, 2001). Localized AFNs are associated with a connection of food consumers with their food while taking note of how and where it is produced. In a variety of ways, localized AFNs place much emphasis on re-connecting individuals with food supplies and reconstructing trusted, rather than feared food chains. The direct connections between suppliers and their consumers enhance food security in soci ally disadvantaged societies. Localized AFNs aim at assisting communities address food insecurity with regard to access to nutritious food. Local AFNs offer nutrition education services aimed at improving people’s abilities and facilities useful in food preparation. Local AFNs unlike conventional globalized food systems provide individuals with home-cooked meals as a way of guiding the community on appropriate food consumption behaviour (Kneafsey 2008). There is no spatial reference of product in globalized food systems. The customer relationship is weak as there is no assistance in trying to comprehend food origin. As a result, products under the globalized food systems are referred to as space-less products. Localized AFNs on the other hand offer variable consumer information on the place, product, production as well as the spatial conditions of production.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Food Security in Sydney specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The relationship with customers is diverse ranging from face-to-face contact to distance purchasing. The processing and retailing systems under the conventional globalized food systems are traceable but privately regulated. They are not transparent but are highly standardized. On the contrary, the local/regional processing and retailing outlets are highly variable, transparent and traceable. They are spatially referenced and possess high quality designs (Kneafsey 2008). The local alternative food networks place emphasis on quality. Producers are focused on coming up with appropriate strategies that would capture value-added, new socio-technical specialization areas for development and new producer associations. Globalized food systems on the other hand focus on intensive production, which is associated with reduced farm prices and bulky supply input to corporate processors and/or retailers (Hines, Luca Shiva 2002, p. 38-40). Local AFNs un like conventional globalized food systems support the local farmer. This they achieve by increasing direct sales and permitting farmers to by-pass centralized food distribution systems where supermarkets dominate. The local AFNs appreciate the efforts of the local farmer, which are not governed by hormones or related enhancers aimed at increasing production. Instead, they promote safe, nutritious and healthy food without looking into convenience (Coley 2009, p. 150-155). Localized AFNs protect local land for food consumption. This is very important in preserving the urban biodiversity and open-space for peri-urban fringes. The localized ATNs are considered to have potential ability in improving animal welfare like in the case of range egg production.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Food localization is an appropriate approach to employ in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and supporting energy sustainability (Nichol 2003, p. 409-27). The institutional frameworks in globalized food systems have got highly bureaucratized public and private regulation. There are hygienic models involved aimed at enhancing standardization of food products. National CAP support (Pillar I) is realized. On a different note, localized food systems do not have standardization regulations for products as the food products are acceptable for human consumption since they are produced through acceptable and human friendly means. Instead, regional development together with local authority facilitation forms a network that is involved in infrastructure building. Local and regional CAP support-Pillar II-is realized (Hines, Luca Shiva 2002, p. 38-40). The association frameworks in localized AFNs are based on trust. These networks are both competitive and collaborative. On the other side, glob alized food systems are highly technocratic. The association frameworks involved are for commercial purposes only as they lack trust. It is therefore apparent that AFNs place great emphasis on food quality and not price. This enhances the establishment of relationships between food suppliers and producers, and consumers. The aim here is to capture better returns compared with the locked in contracts with supermarkets chains. Brunori (2007 p.20) demonstrates that re-localizing food at times involve combinations of symbolic, relational and physical aspects. The symbolic aspect emphasizes on trust, quality and transparency while the physical aspect entails the designation of a certain area as ‘local’ and the ‘relational’ which entail the development of a variety of relationships between consumers and farmers. Limitations of Localized AFNs Globalized food systems are changing to local alternatives that are already taking effect in most developed countries inclu ding Australia. It is true that localized AFNs importance in providing food from local areas has increased as seen in some developed countries where organic fruits and vegetables are found in box-schemes as well as on certain stalls in farmer’s markets. Despite the fact that AFNs have increased in popularity since the late 1990s in developed countries, and that academic and activist literature is continuously growing out of proportion with regard to the contributions of localized AFNs to food provision, there are various issues which limit the actual role of the AFNs in food provision (Nichol 2003, p. 409-27). Localized AFNs cannot be entirely separated from conventional food provision systems. Large supermarkets largely control a substantial share of food supply, delivery of information about food, and marketing. Supermarkets offer reduced prices to foods due to centralized distribution systems and economies of scale on paperwork, administration and advertising costs. Irresp ective of the fact that supermarket chains stock a range of fair trade products with the brand name ‘local food’, which are imported instead of being sourced locally, consumers continue to be highly influenced by such trends (Morgan, et al. 2006). Localized AFNs emphasize on quality, trust and safety with regard to their food systems. However, the global market trends influence consumers to the extent that most of the consumers buy food based on price or convenience. Dixon, an ANU-based researcher has presented significant research findings on consumer attitudes where convenience and price are first priority despite expressed interests by consumers desiring for social justice, higher levels of animal welfare and environmental sustainability. An example is the intensively farmed chicken in Australia. Most middle-class consumers were very much aware of the fact intensively farmed chicken were raised under poor conditions and were associated with negative long-term health effects due to the widespread usage of growth hormones. However, fast-food chickens were highly appreciated as they represented value for money. It was a convenient means through which one could provide a desirable meal for the family against tight family budgets (Dixon 2002). There is a highly held posit that localized AFNs are ‘trendy’ due to the fact that they mostly supply families with high income and who reside in the gentrified inner city suburbs or on the large outer lifestyle blocks in suburban rural areas. The actual relevance of the AFNs to low-income suburbanites has been contested through academic literature. As a result, the low-income suburbanites visit local and regional shopping complexes that are characterized by fast food outlets and supermarket chains (Renting, Mardsen Banks 2003, p. 393-411). There is limited public awareness on the range of localized AFNs and their importance in as far as improving system sustainability is concerned. Limited infor mation on localized AFNs affects the rate of acceptance by individuals. Individuals are not fully aware of the essence of quality, trust and safety compared to convenience and price (Renting, Mardsen Banks 2003, p. 393-411). Localized AFNs may be situated in distant areas thus increasing transport costs for individuals who prefer to travel to urban fringes instead of the local supermarket. The increased personal food miles contrary to systemic food-miles make it difficult for individuals to embrace localized AFNs. In addition to perceived high costs of products, increased transport costs makes it more difficult for people to visit the localized markets (Steel 2009). Food farmers are sceptical. In addition, they are not aware of how they should go about direct selling or getting into the localized market. Instead, they prefer the relative stability of supplying the supermarkets chains’ centralized logistic systems. The farmers also lack marketing and horticultural skills whic h are imperative for survival away from the conventional food systems. Research is limited in critical areas such as local embeddedness, which continues to prevail in food agriculture and industrialized globalized systems yet food agriculture and localized AFNs can be subjected to disembedding forces of technological change, money and capital (Morgan et al., 2006 p. 191). Localized AFNs lead to personal-household exploitation because low income families spend long hours of work on the AFNs. In addition, community- enterprise volunteers spend long hours during distribution and coordination of the AFNs. The many long hours spent on localized AFNs pose as a challenge because conventional food systems are fast and convenient; one does not need to spend too much time in production as there are systems put in place to help ease the workload (Pederson Robertson, 2001). Local biophysical factors such as soil quality, climate and loss of agricultural land due to urbanization are a huge chal lenge to localized AFNs as it becomes difficult to produce food within 100km of cities and industrialized regions in developed countries. It therefore becomes difficult for city dwellers to be locavores. Government regulation at the local, national and regional levels can greatly affect the AFNs. This is through local land use zoning and varied food industry regulation. These have a negative effect on localized farming. Such a situation can be observed in Sydney where 70% of high quality arable land has been found to be zoned for rural lifestyle (Renting, Mardsen Banks 2003, p. 393-411). The figure below illustrates this: Small-scale farmers face the challenge imposed by industrialized farming through unsustainable cost burdens for national hygiene inspection systems that ensure food safety. Such costs involve compliance costs in accordance with regular food inspections and global regulations like quarantine and trade rules stipulated by World Trade Organization (WTO). These regul ations have come about due to a need of promoting health and safety in industrialized farming where handling of food to enhance production is obvious (Steel 2002). Political factors are also a huge challenge to the localized AFNs. There is an apparent lack of political consciousness with regard to inhibiting the operation of the AFNs because of over-regulation. This inhibition is a reflection of political interests in industrialized agriculture in addition to lack of knowledge. As reported by Holden, pressures realized from globalization are a crisis for the local farmers. Changing trends in industrialized farming unconsciously affect the small scale farmer who is not part of the mix up and competition that is evident in delocalized networks (cited in Lawrence 2004, p.137) Case study of Sydney There has been growing debate over the implications of climate change and related climate change policies. Attention is now on the vulnerability of large populations in principal food-producin g regions within Sydney such as the Murray-Darling Basin. Environmental degradation, drought and soil infertility have taken a huge toll on these food-producing zones. A region that once enjoyed the surplus of rice production has not made substantial rice production for a season but instead, has resorted to imports so that it can cater for its import and export needs. There is current debate on social histories and politics of the driest continent holding a top position as a great rice exporter. Sydney (Australia) could also accomplish this despite the fact that climate and environmental changes were apparent. Appropriate strategies would take the country there. In addition, there is debate on peak oil amidst a declined domestic oil production in Sydney, thus, heightening the issue of food security in Sydney (Steel 2009). The Sydney Food Fairness Alliance and the Australian Conservation Foundation endorsed a campaign aimed at reducing food miles travelled so as to meet the consumpti on needs of Australian cities. Globalization has been associated with tremendous increases in volumes of traded foods. Imported food from rich countries like the U. S., Italy and France are cheaper hence, the reason why imports in cities like Sydney have grown relatively faster compared with exports for the last 20 years. Sydney is not only involved in the importation of luxury food such as Roquefort cheese; supermarkets have been involved in increasing the stocks of processed vegetables like Italian tomatoes, Vietnam prawns and China’s garlic. These foods are grown in Australia but globalization has made importation cheaper despite the great food miles involved (Hines, Luca Shiva 2002, p. 38-40). The 20th century was a time when Sydney enjoyed diverse food supply but, the people here took this for granted. Food security has occasionally been conflated with bio-security for the last 30 years to ensure that plant and animal diseases do not enter Sydney from elsewhere. This ac tion was part of Sydney’s international relations and trade policies with major concern on those that related to developing counties in the Asia Pacific. The recent climatic changes has affected Australia’s principal producing regions thus, food security has been of focus by the Australian government’s foreign aid and trade policies. As a result, this has affected Sydney as it is part of Australia and everything that affects Australia, affects Sydney too. Water and soil management are other sustainability issues which have made the issue of food security in this region worse (Holden 2004). In Sydney, localized AFNs are different from globalized food networks as they assist the local farmer to get returns for his or her efforts through directing. They connect consumers with suppliers contrary to what happens with the globalized conventional food networks. The most successful local AFN scheme is the Food Connect. It is aimed at connecting 800 consumer-subscribers with 80 farmers. The community supported agriculture scheme also aims at connecting consumers with the local farmer but as of now, it is at its infancy stage in this region. The localized AFNs are mindful of the local farmer in the same way they are concerned about quality food provision in the region. Localized AFNs are a direction towards a healthy population without nutritional disorders that are mostly attributed to industrialized food products (Steel 2009). Localized AFNs are not associated with wastes and inefficiencies as is the case with industrialized food products in Sydney. Wastes and inefficiencies are associated with the surpluses and large stocks evident in supermarkets. Around 40% of stocked food in Sydney’s supermarkets has been discarded when it passes its ‘use-by’ date. Households have also been found to waste up to one-third of bought foods (Gaballa Abraham 2007). Globalized conventional food systems are more popular among the people in Sydney due to challenges associated with localized AFNs. The localised AFNs in Sydney face huge challenges due to various reasons. To start with, overall farm incomes have been falling. This has been attributed to the squeeze between rising costs of production and falling prices. As a result, farm debts have escalated and the returns on food products have been very little. Thereby, agriculture has remained unattractive to most farmers. Anticipated fluctuations in oil price are expected to have a negative effect on the localized AFNs by affecting on-farm production costs and transportation of food. The uncontrollable rise in food imports has affected localized AFNs in Sydney as farmers have lost confidence in food sovereignty, in a nation that is susceptible to carbon footprint (Renting, Mardsen Banks 2003, p. 393-411). The popularity of localized AFNs in Sydney is continuously gaining momentum but is currently facing certain limitations. Since it is impossible to single out AFNs from glo balized food systems, supermarket chains in Sydney continue to control 70-80% of retailed food. Localized food systems are considered to be more expensive thereby; the supermarket chains are a great competition to the AFNs due to reduced costs of food (Morgan, et al. 2006). Food farms are mainly a venture of small-scale families and mainly specific migrant groups in and around Sydney are involved. Therefore, it becomes such a big burden for families to engage in such an involving task when they can easily obtain cheap food from the supermarket chains. The farmers lack the motivation required to engage in local AFNs due to time and changed customer attitudes as they prefer the conventional food stuffs (Adam 2002). Sydney continues to be the most productive region in Australia because of local climate and soil quality. The fact that increased urbanization has made agricultural land to be scarce hence challenging localized AFNs. However, this has been counteracted by the presence of tw o outer peri-urban fringes within the city. There is one which is within the vicinity of Hawkesbury River, northwest of Sydney’s city where fruit-growing extends west across the river up to the upland country. The other one is southwest of Sydney’s urbanized area on the edge of a wide rural transition region that leads to the grazing lands in the southern highlands, southwest of Sydney. Despite the fact that peri-urban districts exist to support localized AFNs, the future is uncertain due to climatic change ad environmental degradation. Agricultural land use has not been given much consideration due to the dire need of finding a balance with competitive uses for the peri-urban land. About 30% of land in Sydney is used for productive agriculture and transport systems that link suppliers to their consumers (Nichol 2003, p. 409-27). The case of Sydney is one that requires great strategic interventions so as to improve the local AFNs since peak oil may affect the globalize d conventional food networks with regard to increased prices. Sydney has all along relied on conventional food networks and because of this human activity has affected the environment. The government needs to put appropriate policies in place that will preserve the available arable land to enhance localized AFNs which have got more advantages than disadvantages as discussed in this paper. References Adam, K., 2002. Community Supported Agriculture. ATTRA. Web. Brunori, G., 2007. Local Food and Alternative Food Networks: a Communication Perspective. Anthropology of Food. Web. Coley, D., et al. 2009. Local Food, Local Food Miles and Carbon Emissions: a Comparison of Farm Shop and Mass Distribution Approaches. Food Policy, 34, 150-155. Dixon, J., 2002. The Changing Chicken. Sydney: UNSW Press. Gaballa, S., Abraham, A., 2007. Food Miles in Australia: a Preliminary Study of Melbourne. Web. Hines, C., Lucas, C., Shiva, V., 2002. Local Food, Global Solution. The Ecologist, 32 (5), 38-40. Holden, P., UK Soil Association. In Lawrence, F., 2004. Not on the Label. London: Penguin. Holloway, L., et al. 2007. Possible Food Economies. Sociologia Ruralis, 47, 1-19. Kneafsey, M., et al. 2008. Reconnecting Consumers, Producers and Food: Exploring Alternatives. New York: Berg. Morgan et al., 2006. Worlds of Food: Place, Power and Provenance in the Food Chain. Oxford: Oxford UP. Nichol, L., 2003. Local Food Production: Some Implications for Planning. Planning Theory and Practice, 4, 409-27. Pederson R. Robertson, A., 2001. Food Policies are Essential for Healthy Cities. UA-Magazine. Renting, H., Mardsen, T., Banks, J., 2003. Understanding Alternative Food Networks: Exploring the Role of Short Food Supply Chains in Rural Development. Environmental and Planning, 35, 393-411. Steel, C., 2009. Hungry City. London: Vintage Books. Winter, M., 2002. Embeddedness, the New Food Economy and Defensive Localism. Journal of Rural Studies, 19, 23-32.

A Profile of Barry Goldwater - “Mr. Conservative”

A Profile of Barry Goldwater - â€Å"Mr. Conservative† Barry Goldwater was a 5-term US Senator from Arizona and the Republican nominee for president in 1964. Mr. Conservative Barry Goldwater and the Genesis of the Conservative Movement In the 1950s, Barry Morris Goldwater emerged as the nation’s leading conservative politician. It was Goldwater, along with his growing legion of â€Å"Goldwater Conservatives,† who brought the concepts of small government, free enterprise, and a strong national defense into the national public debate. These were the original planks of the conservative movement and remain the heart of the movement today. Beginnings Goldwater entered politics in 1949, when he won a seat as a Phoenix city councilman. Three years later, in 1952, he became a US Senator for Arizona. For nearly a decade, he helped redefine the Republican Party, assembling it into the party of the conservatives. In the late 1950s, Goldwater became closely associated with the anti-Communist movement and was an avid supporter of Sen. Joseph McCarthy. Goldwater stuck with McCarthy until the bitter end and was one of only 22 members of Congress who refused to censure him. Goldwater supported desegregation and civil rights to varying degrees. He got himself into political hot water, however, with his opposition to legislation that would eventually turn into the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Goldwater was a passionate Constitutionalist, who had supported the NAACP and had backed previous versions of civil rights legislation, but he opposed the 1964 bill because he believed it violated states’ rights to self-govern. His opposition earned him political support from conservative southern Democrats, but he was detested as a â€Å"racist† by many blacks and minorities. Presidential Aspirations Goldwater’s rising popularity in the South in the early 1960s helped him win a tough bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 1964. Goldwater had been looking forward to running an issue-oriented campaign against his friend and political rival, President John F. Kennedy. An avid pilot, Goldwater had planned to fly around the country with Kennedy, in what the two men believed would be a revival of the old whistle-stop campaign debates. Kennedys Death Goldwater was devastated when those plans were cut short by Kennedy’s death in late 1963, and he mourned the president’s passing profoundly. Nevertheless, he won the Republican nomination in 1964, setting up a showdown with Kennedy’s vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson, who he despised and would later accuse of â€Å"using every dirty trick in the book.† Introducing ... Mr. Conservative During the Republican National Convention in 1964, Goldwater gave perhaps the most conservative acceptance speech ever uttered when he said, â€Å"I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.† This statement prompted one member of the press to exclaim, â€Å"My God, Goldwater is running as Goldwater!† The Campaign Goldwater was not prepared for the brutal campaign tactics of the vice president. Johnson’s philosophy was to run as though he were 20 points behind, and he did just that, crucifying the Arizona Senator in a series of vicious television ads. Comments Goldwater made during the previous ten years were taken out of context and used against him. For example, he had once told members of the press that he sometimes thought the country would be better off if the entire Eastern Seaboard were sawed off and floated out to sea. The Johnson campaign ran an ad showing a wooden model of the United States in a tub of water with a saw hacking off the Eastern states. The Effectiveness of Negative Campaigning Perhaps the most damning and personally offensive ad to Goldwater was the one called â€Å"Daisy,† which showed a young girl counting flower petals as a male voice counted down from ten to one. At the end of the ad, the girl’s face was frozen as images of nuclear war played in the shadows and a voice extolled Goldwater, implying he would launch a nuclear attack if elected. Many consider these ads to be the beginnings of the modern negative campaign period which continues to this day. Goldwater lost in a landslide, and Republicans lost many seats in Congress, setting the conservative movement back significantly. Goldwater won his seat in the Senate again in 1968 and continued to earn respect from his political peers on Capitol Hill. Nixon In 1973, Goldwater had a significant hand in the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon. The day before Nixon resigned, Goldwater told the president that if he stayed in office, Goldwater’s vote would be in favor of impeachment. The conversation coined the term â€Å"Goldwater moment,† which is still used today to describe the moment a group of the president’s fellow party members vote against him or publicly take a position opposite him. Reagan In 1980, Ronald Reagan won a crushing defeat over incumbent Jimmy Carter and columnist George Will called it a victory for conservatives, saying Goldwater had actually won the 1964 election, â€Å"†¦ it just took 16 years to count the votes.† The New Liberal The election would eventually mark the decline of Goldwater’s conservative influence as the social conservatives and the Religious Right began to slowly take over the movement. Goldwater vociferously opposed their two top issues, abortion and gay rights. His views came to be regarded as more â€Å"Libertarian† than conservative, and Goldwater later admitted with wonder that he and his ilk were the â€Å"new liberals of the Republican party.† Goldwater died in 1998 at the age of 89.

Qatar Balance of Payments Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Qatar Balance of Payments Analysis - Assignment Example The fact that Qatar relied to very solely on investments in the oil sector lead to very low investment inflows which then kept the income balance of Qatar very low. The income from foreign direct investment was generally low in comparison with that of other countries. The deficit in the income balance of Qatar in 1997-2007 estimated to have averagely $ 2 billion which is responsible for the deficit in balance of payment during that period. According to CIA World Factbook (2013), statistics on the economy of Qatar shows that the country imports more service than what they export. Since 1997 to 2007 the general amount of exports from Qatar were estimated to be about $12 billion while their imports were estimated to be about $38 billion. However, their major exports were goods while the service industry contributed small portion of their exports. This therefore led to more imports on the service which then amounted to deficit balance on the services. This then shows that the general services balance of Qatar had been in a deficit before the country took a step to diversify their economy in 2008. The external borrowings of Qatar have also been increasing between the years 1997 and 2007 which was an estimate of about $ 1 billion increase. The increase in the borrowings of Qatar was from both the private and foreign sources. These needed to develop the natural gas in Qatar. This therefore led to the increase in the current transfers of the country of Qatar between 1997 and 2007. With increased current transfers and unfavourable balance of trade on services and income, the country of Qatar has persistently registered a deficit in its balance of payment in

ALL STATE INSURANCE COMPANY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ALL STATE INSURANCE COMPANY - Essay Example That is why goals must, simultaneously with being challenging, be possible to reach. Unrealistic goals can only be counterproductive. How can goals serve as an unifying force in organizations? Having goals put in front of all people in the organization makes them all equal regardless of their particular position within the structure. Managers and regular employees alike, are challenged to meet certain expectations. Most importantly, the role of goal setting is to provide a challenge. Without a clear, specific and reachable goals organization members are more likely to a) work slower, b) perform poorly and c) lack interest in changing a) and b). If we compare model of goal setting offered in the textbook and one in place at Allstate Corporation we find that they are similar in many aspects. By placing the simplified version of the model developed by Locke and Latham side by side with the description of Allstate’s particular example, the first observation is that many key words from the former are clearly repeated in the latter. Allstate has been working on developing goals for decades now and it is clear that they came a long way in that regard. Key words, such are feedback, goal clarity, direction, rewards and satisfaction are integrated masterfully in Allstate’s goal setting program, making it very effective and, also, still innovative. Two components that contribute to this effectiveness are the fact that 40,000 employees of Allstate are evaluated in terms of performance on regular basis. This makes the challenge a constant in the process, not only a one time thing. The other interesting aspect comes from t he fact that company’s executives and managers draw a large portion of their compensation (25%) from Allstate’s Diversity Index. That way they are committed in implementation of the program. Allstate recognized the importance of mediators and moderators in goal setting schema and keeps making them accountable for programs success. Diversity Index

The Middle East Essay Example for Free

The Middle East Essay The superpowers played a vital role in bringing change in the Middle East, although this change was not always necessarily good. There are key example of Superpowers contributing war, but equally the superpowers also restricted war as well. At the start of the period in 1948: the superpowers played an important role in the creation of Israel. The USA was the most notable country to showcase their support for Zionism, especially following the aftermath of the second war. The UN special committee on the Palestinian issue included the USA, and hence their voice was vital in echoing the voices of Palestinian Jews. The USSR also supported the creation of a Jewish state because sympathy for Jews following the Holocaust was also high with the Soviet Union. And when the state of Israel was finally declared in May 1948, the USA was the first country to recognise Israel. Israeli survival was also dependent upon American support, as during the First Arab Israeli conflict to have received around 15,000 rifles from the USA which were crucial in defeating the Arabs. The voice of the super powers, in particular the USA was therefore very important the creation of Israel, and without such a powerful ally, it is likely that Israel would have ceased to exist. This links to the second change brought about by the Superpowers as the USA and USSR used the Middle East to compete with each other- the USA having already expressed support for Israel left the USSR backing the Arabs. President Nasser tried to exploit superpower support to gain funding for his Aswan dam and the USA fearing Soviet influence refused to loan Nasser money. The USSR however backed the Egypt which furthered tensions between Egypt and Israel. With the Soviet Union handing out weapons to Egypt, the USA saw it only approiate to fund the Israelis handing out $65 million. With the support of superpower support, both countries edged closer to war because they felt better prepared. This was a change from 1948 when the Superpowers were not directly fuelling the conflict. This links to a third change, as the superpowers realised that they could not afford to create conflict between the countries in the Middle East in case it spilled over into a large scaled war. That’s why, when the Israelis eventually attacked Israel, backed by French and British forces the USA immediately threatened Britain with financial sanctions if she refused to withdraw. The Soviet Union even threatened Britain with a nuclear weapons. So a clear change can be where the Superpower prevented conflict rather than causing it. Perhaps the most significant change brought about by the superpowers was the Six day war. Following the Suez crisis in 1956, tension began rising as war broke out in 1967. The USA had been funding the Israelis and handing them weapons whilst the Soviets had been doing the same with the Israelis. The Soviets provided false intelligence to the Syrians that an Israeli attack was immanent and this only served to increase the tensions between the two sides eventually spilling over into a war. Israel’s superior equipment was showcased as they destroyed the Egyptian air force almost entirely within 6 hours. One can say that this is due to the USA and the funding provided by them. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE International relations 1945-1991 section.

The Death Penalty Debate Essay -- capital punishment, 2015

"The death penalty issue is obviously a divisive one. But whether one is for or against, you can not deny the basic illogic - if we know the system is flawed, if we know there are innocent people on Death Row, then until the system is reformed, should we not abandon the death penalty to protect those who are innocent?" --Richard LaGravenese In the United States the death penalty is used as a punishment for capital offenses. These specifically can vary from state to state, but commonly include first-degree murder, murder with special circumstances, rape with additional bodily harm, and the federal crime of treason. (Facts) The goal of the death penalty then, is to deter these crimes from even taking place, to be so feared that offenders think twice about committing such horrible crimes. But does it? In the following paper, the above question will attempt to be answered by looking at the background of capital punishment and the death penalty, the ideas behind it, viable alternatives, and finally, the effectiveness of the death penalty at deterring crime. Early death penalty laws date back to the Eighteenth Century B.C.. The death penalty also had a heavy presence in the Fourteenth Century Hittite Code, the Seventh Century Draconian Code of Athens, and the Fifth Century Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets. (History, 1) Today, thirty-four states in the United States of America still practice the death penalty as a means of punishment for capital offenses and heinous crimes. The death penalty debate is one that Americans are no strangers to; it has been abolished and repealed numerous times throughout our history. Two of the first influential cases dates back to 1968, US v. Jackson and Witherspoon v. Illinois. In each ... ...1. "Facts About the Death Penalty." The Death Penalty Information Center. 16 July 2011. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. "History of the Death Penalty." Death Penalty Information Center. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. Kovandzic, Tomislav V., Lynne M. Vieraitis, and Denise Paquette Boots. "Does the death penalty save lives?." Criminology & Public Policy 8.4 (2009): 803-843. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 17 Oct. 2011. "International Standards on the Death Penalty | Amnesty International." Amnesty International. Amnesty International, 1 Jan. 2006. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Welcome to the United Nations: It's Your World. Web. 18 Oct. 2011 "In U.S., Support for Death Penalty Falls to 39-Year Low." Gallup.Com - Daily News, Polls, Public Opinion on Government, Politics, Economics, Management. 13 Oct. 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2011

Freemasonry and United States Essay

Freemasonry, teachings and practices of the secret fraternal order officially known as the Free and Accepted Masons, or Ancient Free and Accepted Masons. Organizational Structure There are approximately 5 million members worldwide, mostly in the United States and other English-speaking countries. With adherents in almost every nation where Freemasonry is not officially banned, it forms the largest secret society in the world. There is no central Masonic authority; jurisdiction is divided among autonomous national authorities, called grand lodges, and many concordant organizations of higher-degree Masons. In the United States and Canada the highest authority rests with state and provincial grand lodges. Custom is the supreme authority of the order, and there are elaborate symbolic rites and ceremonies, most of which utilize the instruments of the stonemason–the plumb, the square, the level, and compasses–and apocryphal events concerning the building of King Solomon’s Temple for allegorical purposes. The principles of Freemasonry have traditionally been liberal and democratic. Anderson’s Constitutions (1723), the bylaws of the Grand Lodge of England, which is Freemasonry’s oldest extant lodge, cites religious toleration, loyalty to local government, and political compromise as basic to the Masonic ideal. Masons are expected to believe in a Supreme Being, use a holy book appropriate to the religion of the lodge’s members, and maintain a vow of secrecy concerning the order’s ceremonies. The basic unit of Freemasonry is the local Blue lodge, generally housed in a Masonic temple. The lodge consists of three Craft, Symbolic, or Blue Degrees: Entered Apprentice (First Degree), Fellow Craft (Second Degree), and Master Mason (Third Degree). These gradations are meant to correspond to the three levels–apprentice, journeyman, and master–of the medieval stonemasons’ guilds. The average Mason does not rise above Master Mason. If he does, however, he has the choice of advancing through about 100 different rites, encompassing some 1,000 higher degrees, throughout the world. In the United States, the two most popular rites are the Scottish and the York. The Scottish Rite awards 30 higher degrees, from Secret Master (Fourth Degree) to Sovereign Grand Inspector General (Thirty-third Degree). The York Rite awards ten degrees, from Mark Master to Order of Knights Templar, the latter being similar to a Thirty-third Degree Scottish Rite Mason. Other important Masonic groups are the Prince Hall Grand Lodge, to which many African-American Masons belong; the Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm (the â€Å"fraternal fun order for Blue Lodge Masons†); and the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (Thirty-second degree Masons who, as the Shriners, are noted for their colorful parades and support of children’s hospitals). There are also many subsidiary Masonic groups, including the Order of the Eastern Star, limited to Master Masons and their female relatives; De Molay, an organization for boys; and Job’s Daughters and Rainbow, two organizations for girls. Many of the orders maintain homes for aged members. Development of the Order The order is thought to have arisen from the English and Scottish fraternities of practicing stonemasons and cathedral builders in the early Middle Ages; traces of the society have been found as early as the 14th cent. Because, however, some documents of the order trace the sciences of masonry and geometry from Egypt, Babylon, and Palestine to England and France, some historians of Masonry claim that the order has roots in antiquity. The formation of the English Grand Lodge in London (1717) was the beginning of the widespread dissemination of speculative Freemasonry, the present-day fraternal order, whose membership is not limited to working stonemasons. The six lodges in England in 1700 grew to about 30 by 1723. There was a parallel development in Scotland and Ireland, although some lodges remained unaffiliated and open only to practicing masons. By the end of the 18th cent. here were Masonic lodges in all European countries and in many other parts of the world as well. The first lodge in the United States was founded in Philadelphia (1730); Benjamin Franklin was a member. Many of the leaders of the American Revolution, including John Hancock and Paul Revere, were members of St. Andrew’s Lodge in Boston. George Washington became a Mason in 1752. At the time of the Revolution most of the American lodges broke away from their English and Scottish antecedents. Freemasonry has continued to be important in politics; 13 Presidents have been Masons, and at any given time quite a large number of the members of Congress have belonged to Masonic lodges. Notable European Masons included Voltaire, Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Franz Joseph Haydn, Johann von Goethe, Johann von Schiller, and many leaders of Russia’s Decembrist revolt (1825). Opposition to Freemasonry Because of its identification with 19th-century bourgeois liberalism, there has been much opposition to Freemasonry. The most violent in the United States was that of the Anti-Masonic party. Freemasonry’s anticlerical attitude has also led to strong opposition from the Roman Catholic Church, which first expressed its anti-Masonic attitude in a bull of Pope Clement XII (1738). The Catholic Church still discourages its members from joining the order. Totalitarian states have always suppressed Freemasonry; the lodges in Italy, Austria, and Germany were forcibly eradicated under fascism and Nazism, and there are now no lodges in China.

Lady Macbeth As A Catalyst To Evil Essay

The expression â€Å"behind every man, there is a woman,† rings true even in the Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is the catalyst that ignites the fire to Macbeth’s ambition. It is because she challenges his masculinity, questions his love, and belittles his bravery that Macbeth murders Duncan. His lady provides impetus for him to abandon all honorable nature in order to achieve what they both desire. Macbeth would not have murdered Duncan and continued on a downward spiral of evil were it not for the extra push from his ruthless and overly ambitious wife. Macbeth is filled with great hubris. Lady Macbeth plays on this pride when she challenges his masculinity. She goads him by saying, â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man / [. . .], you would / be so much more the man.† (Shakespeare, Macbeth. 1.7.49-51). Lady Macbeth tells her husband to kill Duncan to prove that he is a man, and states how much more of a man he will be as king. Eugene M. Waith states in his criticism Manhood and Valor in Macbeth, that â€Å"the pangs of Macbeth’s conscience [. . .] are no more than effeminate, childish fears to Lady Macbeth.†(64) She has a great deal of power over Macbeth; this power is the mere truth that she possesses more of a manly quality that he himself does. Macbeth is ambitious enough to want to become king, but would not think of murdering Duncan. Because Lady Macbeth knows this, she understands the necessity to push Macbeth into performing the deed. She does this by questioning his love for her. † What beast was’t then / that made you break this enterprise to me?/ [. . .] I would, while it was smiling in my face, / have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums a/ nd dashed the brains out, had I sworn so as you / have done to this.† (Mac. 1. 7. 47-48. 55-58) In saying this, Lady Macbeth proves her devotion to her lord and asks him to do the same. Lady Macbeth tells him that his love is worth nothing if he refuses to go through with the plan, â€Å"[. . .] saying that his love is as accountable as his indecisiveness.† (Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Switch Roles. www.planetpapers.com) Macbeth wants his wife to love and trust him, so he follows through with their plan. Macbeth is brave when it comes to thought, but when it comes to action he is  somewhat of a moral coward. Lady Macbeth bullies her husband into the action that will gain them the throne. The final way she badgers Macbeth is by deprecating his bravery. â€Å"We fail! / But screw your courage to the sticking-place / and we’ll not fail.† (Mac. 1.7. 59-61) Macbeth views himself as the epitome of bravery and upon hearing these words from the woman he loves, he succumbs to their ambitions. Lady Macbeth taunts him for his cowardice, â€Å"under the weight of her reproaches of cowardice he has dared do more, and has become less [. . .]† (Brooks. 45). Throughout the Renaissance, the idea that to be courageous is to be a man prevails. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth represents the ideal Elizabethan hero; therefore, bravery is an important character attribute. Lady Macbeth’s ruthlessness and manipulation of Macbeth causes him to defy his true principles and to murder Duncan. From the beginning of Act One Scene Five, until after the murder of Duncan, it is evident that Lady Macbeth manipulates and convinces Macbeth to do evil. Lady Macbeth knew that he would never go through with it alone, she realizes that he holds too much of the â€Å"milk of human kindness† (Mac. 1.5.12) to ever complete such an appalling feat. Lady Macbeth uses persuasion to coerce her husband. Had she not mocked his masculinity, challenged of his love, and vilified his bravery, Macbeth would not have been pressured into the murder of his king and thrust onto a path of malevolence led by ambition.

Free Essays on Arts And Science Of Teaching

Teaching: Is it an art, or is it a science? I think that teaching requires both art and science. They both play a role on each other, because if a teacher only demonstrates one of these types of teaching, their classroom will most likely be very boring. Teaching as an art demonstrates ways in which the teacher may use creative ways to present the material so it is fun and interesting for his or her students. Some examples are games, â€Å"hands-on† activities, and/ or movies relating to the topics being covered. In The First Year, Genevieve DeBose gave disposable cameras to her students for a†getting to know each other† activity. The point of this activity was for her students to be creative and learn about their peers. During this activity Genevieve also learned about her students, like their attitudes toward participating and some of their social skills. She could use what she learned from this activity to help plan her lessons. I agree with Gilbert Highet, who a rgues that in â€Å"The Art of Teaching that successful teaching must be considered an art because it involves two things that cannot be objectively and systematically manipulated: emotions and values.† (Pg 11) I feel emotions play a main role in teaching because the emotion that is being expressed by the teacher will be reflected on his or her students. Although emotions are some main roles, you must also make sure you are teaching the correct values. In order to be a good teacher you must also be flexible. â€Å"Flexibility, which can be thought of as a â€Å"feel† for doing the right thing at the right time.† (Pg11) An example of this is choosing to use a lecture or a more involved type of activity to present the material. Teaching as a science demonstrates ways in which the teacher may use a more logical approach to present the material to the students. I feel this is the more traditional way in which teachers teach their class. An example of this could be a teacher lectur... Free Essays on Arts And Science Of Teaching Free Essays on Arts And Science Of Teaching Teaching: Is it an art, or is it a science? I think that teaching requires both art and science. They both play a role on each other, because if a teacher only demonstrates one of these types of teaching, their classroom will most likely be very boring. Teaching as an art demonstrates ways in which the teacher may use creative ways to present the material so it is fun and interesting for his or her students. Some examples are games, â€Å"hands-on† activities, and/ or movies relating to the topics being covered. In The First Year, Genevieve DeBose gave disposable cameras to her students for a†getting to know each other† activity. The point of this activity was for her students to be creative and learn about their peers. During this activity Genevieve also learned about her students, like their attitudes toward participating and some of their social skills. She could use what she learned from this activity to help plan her lessons. I agree with Gilbert Highet, who a rgues that in â€Å"The Art of Teaching that successful teaching must be considered an art because it involves two things that cannot be objectively and systematically manipulated: emotions and values.† (Pg 11) I feel emotions play a main role in teaching because the emotion that is being expressed by the teacher will be reflected on his or her students. Although emotions are some main roles, you must also make sure you are teaching the correct values. In order to be a good teacher you must also be flexible. â€Å"Flexibility, which can be thought of as a â€Å"feel† for doing the right thing at the right time.† (Pg11) An example of this is choosing to use a lecture or a more involved type of activity to present the material. Teaching as a science demonstrates ways in which the teacher may use a more logical approach to present the material to the students. I feel this is the more traditional way in which teachers teach their class. An example of this could be a teacher lectur...

The Ancient History of Making Olive Oil

The Ancient History of Making Olive Oil Olive oil is, essentially, a fruit juice made from olives. Olives were likely first domesticated in the Mediterranean basin some 6,000 years ago or so. It is thought that oil from the olive was one of several attributes that likely made the bitter fruit attractive enough to result in its domestication. However, the production of olive oil, that is to say, the deliberate pressing of oil out of olives  is currently documented no earlier than ~2500 BCE. Olive oil is a fruit juice made from olives.  First used as lamp fuel and in religious ceremonies in the Mediterranean about 2500 BCE.  First used in cooking at least as long ago as 5th-4th century BCE.  Three grades of olive oil are manufactured: extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), ordinary virgin olive oil, and pomace-olive oil (OPO). EVOO is the highest quality and the one most often fraudulently labeled.   Olive oil was used anciently for a  variety of purposes, including lamp fuel, pharmaceutical ointment, and in rituals for anointing royalty, warriors, and other important people. The term messiah, used in many Mediterranean-based religions, means the anointed one, perhaps (but of course, not necessarily) referring to an olive oil-based ritual. Cooking with olive oil may not have been a purpose for the original domesticators, but that began at least as long ago as the 5th–4th century BCE. Making Olive Oil Making olive oil involved (and still does) several stages of crushing and rinsing to extract the oil. The olives were harvested by hand or by beating the fruit off the trees. The olives were then washed and crushed to remove the pits. The remaining pulp was placed into woven bags or baskets, and the baskets themselves were then pressed. Hot water was poured over the pressed bags to wash out any remaining oil, and the dregs of the pulp was washed away. The liquid from the pressed bags was drawn into a reservoir where the oil was left to settle and separate. Then the oil was drawn off, by skimming the oil off by hand or with the use of a ladle; by opening a stoppered hole at the bottom of the reservoir tank; or by allowing the water to drain off from a channel at the top of the reservoir. In cold weather, a bit of salt was added to speed the separation process. After the oil was separated, the oil was again allowed to settle in vats made for that purpose, and then separated again. Olive Press Machinery Roman olive presses in the city of Sufetula, Tunisia. CM Dixon/Print Collector/Getty Images Artifacts found at archaeological sites associated with making oil include milling stones, decantation basins and storage vessels such as mass-produced amphorae with olive plant residues. Historical documentation in the form of frescoes and ancient papyri have also been found at sites throughout the Mediterranean Bronze Age, and production techniques and uses of olive oil are recorded in the classical manuscripts of Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius. Several olive press machines were devised by the Mediterranean Romans and Greeks to mechanize the pressing process, and are called variously trapetum, mola molearia, canallis et solea, torcular, prelum, and tudicula. These machines were all similar and used levers and counterweights to increase the pressure on the baskets, to extract as much oil as possible. Traditional presses can generate about 50 gallons (200 liters) of oil and 120 gal (450 li) of amurca from one ton of olives. Amurca: Olive Oil Byproducts The leftover water from the milling process is called amurca in Latin and amorge in Greek, and it is a watery, bitter-tasting, smelly, liquid residue. This liquid was collected from a central depression in the settling vats. Amurca, which had and has a bitter taste and an even worse smell, was discarded along with the dregs. Then and today, amurca is a serious pollutant, with a high mineral salt content, low pH and the presence of phenols. However, in the Roman period, it was said to have had several uses. When spread on surfaces, amurca forms a hard finish; when boiled it can be used to grease axles, belts, shoes, and hides. It is edible by animals and was used to treat malnutrition in livestock. It was prescribed to treat wounds, ulcers, dropsy, erysipelas, gout, and chilblains. According to some ancient texts, amurca was used in moderate amounts as a fertilizer or pesticide, repressing insects, weeds, and even voles. Amurca was also used to make plaster, particularly applied to the floors of granaries, where it hardened and kept out mud and the pest species. It was also used to seal olive jars, improve the burning of firewood and, added to laundry, could help protect clothing from moths. Industrialization The Romans are responsible for bringing about a significant increase in olive oil production beginning between 200 BCE and 200 CE. Olive oil production became semi-industrialized at sites such as Hendek Kale in Turkey, Byzacena in Tunisia and Tripolitania, in Libya, where 750 separate olive oil production sites have been identified. Estimates of oil production during the Roman era are that up to 30 million liters (8 million gallons) per year was produced in Tripolitania, and up to 10.5 million gal  (40 million li) in Byzacena. Plutarch reports that Caesar forced Tripolitanias inhabitants to pay a tribute of 250,000 gals (1 million li) in 46 BCE. Oileries are also reported from the first and second centuries AD in the Guadalquivir valley of Andalusia in Spain, where average annual yields were estimated at between 5 and 26 million gal (20 and 100 million li). Archaeological investigations at Monte Testaccio recovered evidence suggesting that Rome imported approximately 6.5 billion liters of olive oil over the period of 260 years. What Is EVOO? Olive oil production in 2018, in the Berber mountain village of Toujane, Tunisia. A blinded donkey is moving an edge mill to crush olives. Thierry Monasse/Getty Images There are three different grades of olive oil made and marketed, from the high-quality extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) to medium-quality ordinary virgin olive oil, to low-quality olive-pomace oil (OPO). EVOO is obtained by direct pressing or centrifugation of the olives. Its acidity can be no greater than 1 percent; if it is processed when the temperature of the olives is below 30 °C (86 °F) it is called cold-pressed.   Olive oils with between 1 and 3 percent acidity are known as ordinary virgin oils, but anything greater than 3 percent is refined, by accepted chemical solvents, and those oils can also be fairly marketed as ordinary.   Lower Quality Oils and Fraud Pomace is one of the main byproducts of the pressing process; it is a conglomeration of skin, pulp, pieces of kernels, and some oil left over when the first processing is completed, but the oil undergoes rapid deterioration due to the moisture content. Refined OPO is obtained by extracting the remaining oil using chemical solvents and a refining process, then it is improved with the addition of virgin oil to obtain OPO.   Many of the common manufacturers of olive oil practice the fraudulent mislabeling of olive oils. Since EVOO is the most expensive, it is the most often mislabeled. Mislabeling often concerns the geographic origin or oil variety of olive oil, but EVOO which has been adulterated by the addition of cheaper oils is not EVOO anymore, despite its being labeled as such. The most common adulterants in mislabeled virgin olive oils are refined olive oil, OPO, synthetic oil-glycerol products, seed oils (such as sunflower, soy, maize, and rapeseed), and nut oils (such as peanut or hazelnut). Scientists are working on methods of detection of the mislabeled olive oils, but such methods have not been made widely available.   Once someone tries a real extra virgin- an adult or a child, anybody with taste buds- theyll never go back to the fake kind. Its distinctive, complex, the freshest thing youve ever eaten. It makes you realize how rotten the other stuff is, literally rotten.  Tom Mueller Sources: Capurso, Antonio, Gaetano Crepaldi, and Cristiano Capurso. Extra-Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO): History and Chemical Composition. Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet in the Elderly Patient. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. 11–21. Print.Foley, Brendan P., et al. Aspects of Ancient Greek Trade Re-Evaluated with Amphora DNA Evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.2 (2012): 389–98. Print.Guimet, Francesca, Joan Ferrà ©, and Ricard Boquà ©. Rapid Detection of Olive–Pomace Oil Adulteration in Extra Virgin Olive Oils from the Protected Denomination of Origin â€Å"Siurana† Using Excitation–Emission Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Three-Way Methods of Analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta 544.1 (2005): 143–52. Print.Kapellakis, Iosif, Konstantinos Tsagarakis, and John Crowther. Olive Oil History, Production and by-Product Management. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology 7.1 (2008): 1–26. Print.Mueller, Tom. Extra Virgini ty: The Sublime and Scandalous World of Olive Oil. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012. Print. Niaounakis, Michael. Olive-Mill Wastewater in Antiquity. Environmental Effects and Applications. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 30.4 (2011): 411–25. Print.Rojas-Sola, Josà © Ignacio, Miguel Castro-Garcà ­a, and Marà ­a del Pilar Carranza-Caà ±adas. Contribution of Historical Spanish Inventions to the Knowledge of Olive Oil Industrial Heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage 13.3 (2012): 285–92. Print.Vossen, Paul. Olive Oil: History, Production, and Characteristics of the Worlds Classic Oils. Horticultural Science 42.5 (2007): 1093–100. Print.

Teaching Assistant's Handbook Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Teaching Assistant's Handbook - Assignment Example 1. Learning activities, materials and/or equipment, the organization of pupils, staff, and parent helpers are differentiated by the teacher to ensure that the â€Å"programme of work enables pupils to develop in the manner, and the rate, most appropriate to them† (p.145). This provides pupils with learning activities that offer a â€Å"variety of learning modes and experiences, and a fair balance of both mental and physical activity† (p.145).2. Pupils are arranged by ability groups for enhanced social and communication learning that is appropriate to their developmental level. 3. In order to encourage continuity and progression, established routines and systems are within the classroom that is similar to the whole school's routines and systems. 4. Praise and encouragement are used by staff towards pupils in the form of â€Å"positive feedback, continuous assessment, and clear explanations† in order to continue and promote steady progress made by the pupils.5. Chi ldren are monitored within the classroom by the teacher and the teaching assistant in order to match learning activities and resources to individual learning needs. As a teaching assistant, their role in planning and preparing learning activities involves meeting with the teacher regularly to discuss the â€Å"teacher's lesson plans, the objectives of the learning activities†, what the teacher's expectations are of the teaching assistant's contributions to learning activities and the type and level of support for pupils that is expected (p.130).... Her profile indicates that she has difficulty concentrating and is easily distracted. This would indicate that she has a short attention span and would require shorter, more interactive lesson activities in order to improve her learning. Activity 2. Task A. 1. Learning activities, materials and/or equipment, the organisation of pupils, staff and parent helpers are differentiated by the teacher to ensure that the â€Å"programme of work enables pupils to develop in the manner, and the rate, most appropriate to them† (p.145). This provides pupils with learning activities that offer a â€Å"variety of learning modes and experiences, and a fair balance of both mental and physical activity† (p.145). 2. Pupils are arranged by ability groups for enhanced social and communication learning that it appropriate to their developmental level. The groups are adjusted as the pupils learning needs change. 3. In order to encourage continuity and progression, established routines and sys tems are within the classroom that are similar to the whole schools routines and systems. 4. Praise and encouragement are used by staff towards pupils in the form of â€Å"positive feedback, continuous assessment and clear explanations† in order to continue and promote steady progress made by the pupils. 5. Children are monitored within the classroom by the teacher and the teaching assistant in order to match learning activities and resources to individual learning needs. Task B. As a teaching assistant, their role in planning and preparing learning activities involves meeting with the teacher regularly to discuss the â€Å"teacher's lesson plans, the objectives of the learning activities†, what the